Hacker ethic pdf

Hackers see computer programming not merely as a technical pursuit, but also as a tool for making the world a better place. And they spread free information with the goal of improving the quality of human life…. Whether hackers these days are authentically upholding The Hacker Ethic, or just paying it lip service is up for debate.

In the s, Americans were wary of organizations where only a few powerful people controlled the flow of information. Hackers promote decentralization in order to dilute the concentration of power and fight to redistribute that power among the many. One way hackers promote decentralization is by building tools. Bitcoin is a tool that was created by Satoshi Nakamoto that completely removes the authority and thus power of banks.

Bitcoin allows individuals to manage, send and receive money in a decentralized manner. Hackers also promote decentralization in their social organizations. Many startups attempt to emulate this model of communication with flat company structure aka. A boss-less culture so that employees can make decisions without constantly needing to ask permission. The tools and techniques in each of these five phases are provided in detail in an encyclopaedicapproach and absolutely no other program offers you the breadth of learning resources, labs,tools and techniques than the C EH program.

Professionals that possess the C EH credential are able tosit for the exam that will test their limits in unearthing vulnerabilities across major operatingsystems, databases, and networks.

Those who meet and exceed the necessary skill set will earnthe new industry-required certification- the C EH Practical certification. C EH Practical is available only as an online and fully proctored exam because weinsist that that is the only way quality can be assured.

EC-Council is the first in theworld to offer a fully online, remote proctored practical exam. The overall benefit of a practical exam is that it is fullyproctored anywhere in the world and will provideorganizations with a skills-validated and trusted credentialwhen employing cybersecurity professionals.

With itsglobal availability, organizations can now quickly train,test and deploy a cyber-ready workforce effectively. You must be able to think on your feet, act quickly,appropriately, and proportionally.

Make a mistake and bad things can happen. C EH Master gives you the opportunity to prove your capabilities and skills to the industry at large,your employer, and your peers and that you can in fact take on and overcome challenges as anEthical Hacker. Many other certification providers talk about Performance Based Assessments, but the realityis far from them testing your skills in a real-life environment.

We test your abilities with real-world challenges in a real-world environment, using labs andtools requiring you to complete specific ethical hacking challenges within a time limit, just asyou would face in the real world! C EH Practical CertificationThe C EH Practical exam tests the skills of a candidate in a 6-hour,rigorous scenario-based exam that challenges the ethical hackerwith real life hacking situations. This creates an ideal environment togain useful, real-world skills.

The C EH Practical Exam was developed to give Ethical Hackers the chance to provetheir skills and abilities using a cyber range containing real world challenges.

Today, you can find C EH credentialed professionals in over countries working with some of the biggestand finest corporations across industries including government, military, financial, healthcare, energy,transport and many more. Once a target OS is known, then it becomes easy to determine which vulnerabilities might be present to exploit the target system. Below is a simple nmap command which can be used to identify the operating system serving a website and all the opened ports associated with the domain name, i.

Quick Fix You can hide your main system behind a secure proxy server or a VPN so that your complete identity is safe and ultimately your main system remains safe. Port Scanning We have just seen information given by nmap command. This command lists down all the open ports on a given server. Quick Fix It is always recommended to check and close all the unwanted ports to safeguard the system from malicious attacks. You can use fping command for ping sweep. This can be done using the following command which will create a firewall rule in iptable.

In fact, it is like a distributed database which is used to translate an IP address DNS enumeration is the process of locating all the DNS servers and their corresponding records for an organization.

The idea is to gather as much interesting details as possible about your target before initiating an attack. You can use nslookup command available on Linux to get DNS and host-related information. Preventing DNS Enumeration is a big challenge. If your DNS is not configured in a secure way, it is possible that lots of sensitive information about the network and organization can go outside and an untrusted Internet user can perform a DNS zone transfer.

It is also called wiretapping applied to the computer networks. There is so much possibility that if a set of enterprise switch ports is open, then one of their employees can sniff the whole traffic of the network. Anyone in the same physical location can plug into the network using Ethernet cable or connect wirelessly to that network and sniff the total traffic. In other words, Sniffing allows you to see all sorts of traffic, both protected and unprotected.

In the right conditions and with the right protocols in place, an attacking party may be able to gather information that can be used for further attacks or to cause other issues for the network or system owner.

What can be sniffed? Promiscuous mode refers to the unique way of Ethernet hardware, in particular, network interface cards NICs , that allows an NIC to receive all traffic on the network, even if it is not addressed to this NIC. By default, a NIC ignores all traffic that is not addressed to it, which is done by comparing the destination address of the Ethernet packet with the hardware address a.

MAC of the device. While this makes perfect sense for networking, non-promiscuous mode makes it difficult to use network monitoring and analysis software for diagnosing connectivity issues or traffic accounting. Switch Internet Sniffing the networks A sniffer can continuously monitor all the traffic to a computer through the NIC by decoding the information encapsulated in the data packets. Types of Sniffing Sniffing can be either Active or Passive in nature.

Passive Sniffing In passive sniffing, the traffic is locked but it is not altered in any way. Passive sniffing allows listening only. It works with Hub devices. On a hub device, the traffic is sent to all the ports. In a network that uses hubs to connect systems, all hosts on the network can see the traffic. Therefore, an attacker can easily capture traffic going through.

The good news is that hubs are almost obsolete nowadays. Most modern networks use switches. Hence, passive sniffing is no more effective. Active Sniffing In active sniffing, the traffic is not only locked and monitored, but it may also be altered in some way as determined by the attack.

Active sniffing is used to sniff a switch-based network. It involves injecting address resolution packets ARP into a target network to flood on the switch content addressable memory CAM table. CAM keeps track of which host is connected to which port. This protocol is efficient, but it does not include any protection against sniffing. This protocol does not include protection against sniffing because it can be trapped.

All the data is sent as clear text that can be easily sniffed. Sniffers are not the dumb utilities that allow you to view only live traffic. If you really want to analyze each packet, save the capture and review it whenever time allows. Hardware Protocol Analyzers Before we go into further details of sniffers, it is important that we discuss about hardware protocol analyzers.

These devices plug into the network at the hardware level and can monitor traffic without manipulating it. These hardware devices are not readily available to most ethical hackers due to their enormous cost in many cases. LI must always be in pursuance of a lawful authority for the purpose of analysis or evidence. Therefore, LI is a security process in which a network operator or service provider gives law enforcement officials permission to access private communications of individuals or organizations.

Almost all countries have drafted and enacted legislation to regulate lawful interception procedures; standardization groups are creating LI technology specifications.

Usually, LI activities are taken for the purpose of infrastructure protection and cyber security. However, operators of private network infrastructures can maintain LI capabilities within their own networks as an inherent right, unless otherwise prohibited. LI was formerly known as wiretapping and has existed since the inception of electronic communications.

Sniffing tools are extremely common applications. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols and includes many features for network and host analysis. It offers a tremendous number of features designed to assist in the dissection and analysis of traffic. Available at www. Dsniff is designed for Unix and Linux platforms and does not have a full equivalent on the Windows platform.

This tool is used by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies. A potential hacker can use any of these sniffing tools to analyze traffic on a network and dissect information. What is ARP Spoofing?

Attackers flood a target computer ARP cache with forged entries, which is also known as poisoning. ARP poisoning uses Man-in-the-Middle access to poison the network. What is MITM? In this case, the victims think that they are communicating with each other, but in reality, the malicious actor controls the communication.

Some protocols such as SSL serve to prevent this type of attack. You can perform this attack in local LAN. Step 3: Make sure you are connected to local LAN and check the IP address by typing the command ifconfig in the terminal. It will start scanning the whole network for the alive hosts. This list also includes the default gateway address. We have to be careful when we select the targets. Step 8: Now we have to choose the targets. In MITM, our target is the host machine, and the route will be the router address to forward the traffic.

In an MITM attack, the attacker intercepts the network and sniffs the packets. So we will add target 1 as victim IP and target 2 as router IP. You can see the results in the toolbar of Ettercap. This is how sniffing works. ARP Poisoning has the potential to cause huge losses in company environments. This is the place where ethical hackers are appointed to secure the networks.

In the next chapter, we will discuss another type of attack known as DNS poisoning. An attacker can create fake DNS entries for the server which may contain malicious content with the same name. For instance, a user types www. As we understand, DNS poisoning is used to redirect the users to fake pages which are managed by the attackers.

To initiate DNS poisoning, you have to start with ARP poisoning, which we have already discussed in the previous chapter. We will use DNS spoof plugin which is already there in Ettercap. This file contains all entries for DNS addresses which is used by Ettercap to resolve the domain name addresses. If someone wants to open Facebook, he will be redirected to another website. See the following example: Step 3: Now save this file and exit by saving the file.

Step 4: After this, the whole process is same to start ARP poisoning. It means the user gets the Google page instead of facebook. In this exercise, we saw how network traffic can be sniffed through different tools and methods. Here a company needs an ethical hacker to provide network security to stop all these attacks. Defenses against DNS Poisoning As an ethical hacker, your work could very likely put you in a position of prevention rather than pen testing.

What you know as an attacker can help you prevent the very techniques you employ from the outside. Summary In this chapter, we discussed how attackers can capture and analyze all the traffic by placing a packet sniffer in a network. With a real-time example, we saw how easy it is to get the credentials of a victim from a given network. Metasploit is a powerful tool to locate vulnerabilities in a system.

Based on the vulnerabilities, we find exploits. Here, we will discuss some of the best vulnerability search engines that you can use. Exploit Database www. CVE is a dictionary of publicly known information security vulnerabilities and exposures. This data enables automation of vulnerability management, security measurement, and compliance. Hackers use remote exploits to gain access to systems that are located at remote places.

Quick Fix Vulnerabilities generally arise due to missing updates, so it is recommended that you update your system on a regular basis, for example, once a week.

In Linux Centos, you can use the following command to install automatic update package. This is a process where the attacker establishes an active connection with the victim and try to discover as much attack vectors as possible, which can be used to exploit the systems further.

EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! Publication date Usage Public Domain Mark 1. Nearly a century ago, Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism articulated the animating spirit of the industrial age, the Protestant ethic.