El- Shamy2, Amal H. Amal H. Hamza induced in rats. Sixty adult male albino rats were enrolled in the Associate Prof. Regarding the groups treated with either serrapeptase or nattokinase in different doses, our findings showed significant www. These results are greatly supported by the histological findings. Thus, it could be concluded that serrapeptase and nattokinase may be considered as newly neuroprotective agents against inflammation and apoptosis characterizing AD through their proteolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
This disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Symptoms of AD usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Neither AD etiology nor the onset of AD pathology is totally understood.
Additional risk factors such as increasing cholesterol and homocysteine levels as well as chronic exposure to several minor metal ions such as aluminium, copper and iron are also linked to AD Bharathi et al.
Apart from the pathological hallmarks of the disease, AD brain exhibits constant evidence of ROS mediated injury Buizza et al. In addition, cerebral inflammation and systemic immunological alterations have a role in AD pathogenesis Salminen et al. The inflammatory changes include activation of microglia and astrocytes and infiltrating inflammatory cells with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines Galasko and Montine, and Fadel et al.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and their caregivers. Today, there is a worldwide effort under way to find better ways to treat the disease, delay its onset and prevent it from developing. Proteolytic enzymes work to aid the body in digesting proteins. Proteolytic enzymes are produced naturally in the pancreas but may also be found in certain foods. Supplements containing these enzymes may be used to address a variety of health concerns Fadel et al.
Serrapeptase is a 50 kDa metallprotease that has gained wide acceptance in Asia and Europe as a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. Serrapeptase is being used to treat chronic inflammatory disease such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, bronchitis, fibrocystic breast disease and sinusitis Klein and Kullich, Serrapeptase is an immunologically active enzyme and it can bind itself to the alpha 2 macroglobulin in our plasma where it is shielded from the immune system while retaining its enzymatic activity, and in this way it is transferred to the sites where it is needed in the body Mazzone et al.
The thrombolytic activity of nattokinase has been found to be stronger than that of plasmin or elastase both in vitro and in vivo Chang et al. In some aspects, NK is actually superior to conventional clot-dissolving drugs, as it has many benefits such as convenient oral administration, more efficient, prolonged effects and prevention of clot formation.
Nattokinase has been demonstrated to have pH and temperature stability and so can be found in the gastrointestinal tract Zheng, et al.
The selected doses of the two proteolytic enzymes used in the present study were equivalent to the human recommended doses and converted to rat equivalent with the help of Paget equation Paget and Barnes, Aluminum chloride AlCl3 was purchased from Sigma Co. The molecular weight of AlCl3 is The animals were subjected to standard diet and water ad libitum. All animals were accommodated with laboratory conditions for at least two weeks before the experiment and maintained under the same conditions all over the experimental period.
All animals received human care and use according to the guidelines for Animal Experiments which were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, National Research Centre, Egypt. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were fasted overnight, sacrificed by decapitation under diethyl ether anesthesia.
The whole brain of each rat was rapidly and www. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences carefully dissected, thoroughly washed with isotonic saline and dried on filter paper. The homogenate was centrifuged at xg for 10 min. Quantitative estimation of total protein content in the brain was carried out according to the method of Lowry et al. Washing was done in tap water, then serial dilutions of alcohol methyl, ethyl and absolute ethyl were used for dehydration.
The specimens were cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin at 56 degree in hot air oven for twenty four hours. Paraffin bees wax tissue blocks were prepared for sectioning at 4 microns by slidge microtome. The obtained tissue sections were collected on glass slides ,deparaffinized and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stains Banchroft et al. Then, the slides were examined under the light microscope.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences program, version 11 followed by least significant difference to compare the significance between groups Armitage and Berry, In contrast, the groups of rats that administered with low or high dose of serrapeptase World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Table 1 : The protective effect of serrapeptase and nattokinase on brain cholinesterase activity in rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Table 3 : The protective effect of serrapeptase and nattokinase on brain Bcl-2 and P53 levels in rat model of Alzheimer's diseases. Fig 2 : Microscopic examination of brain tissue sections of control rats showing the normal histological structure of the cerebellum cr.
Fig 5 Fig 6 Fig 7 Fig 8 Fig 5 Microscopic examination of brain tissue sections of rat model of AD protected with low dose of serrapaptase showing focal gliosis in cerebral cortex g. Fig 6 Microscopic examination of brain tissue sections of rat model of AD protected with low dose of serrapaptase showing focal gliosis g and congestion in cerebral blood capillaries of the cerebrum. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fig 10 : Microscopic examination of brain tissue sections of rat model of AD protected with high dose of nattokinase showing focal gliosis in cebral cortex g.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter a brain chemical that helps with memory and thinking. Alzheimer's disease breaks down acetylcholine. And people who have Alzheimer's disease make less of this chemical over time. These two things result in the gradual loss of memory and thinking skills Tabet et al. The present study revealed that, AlCl3 administration shows significant elevation in brain cholinesterase AChE activity. Acetylcholiesterase AChE itself has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
In particular, it appears that AChE may directly interact with amyloid-beta in manner that increases the deposition of this peptide into insoluble plaques. This finding is in agreement with that of Zhang et al. Hydrogen peroxide acts as a modulator in the activity of functionally important proteins, receptors and enzymes Kamster and Segal, There is increasing evidence that neurotoxicity in AD is mediated by inflammatory processes McGeer et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences for the amyloid precursor protein.
The present results revealed a significant elevation in brain IL-6 in AlCl3 administered group which is in agreement with Weaver et al. IL-6 was found not only in plaques, but also around the bodies of isocortical neurons, only in AD. A growing body of evidence suggested that the dysregulation of IL-6 contributes to the development of AD Combarros et al. Furthermore, Cojocaru et al. There is a growing body of evidence which supports the hypothesis of immune regulation and autoimmunity or inflammatory processes as vital mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the disease.
DNA- end labeling technique suggests that some neurons die by apoptosis. Glycaemic Index 8 pages list of what you can eat, and should not eat. Enzymes, what are they? Metabolic enzymes — Metabolic enzymes use these colloids to keep all of our organs and tissues functioning with hundreds of diverse chemical activities, repairing body organs and fighting disease.
Clean-Up Enzymes — These third types are not really a separate group, but are the enzymes for the last job on the line, clearing up. These clean-up enzymes clear our bodies of the undigested carbohydrates, proteins, and non-vital tissue floating around. Their other vital job is to provide anti-inflammatory enzymes to fight infections and tissue damage. Robert Redfern, The Serrapeptase Guy. Robert Redfern. Some Other books From Robert Redfern.
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