The conversion to square feet will require multiplying the area in square inches by a conversion factor. This factor is contingent on the scale of the map or plotted cross section that was traced by the planimeter to determine the area in square inches. If the cross-sectional area at each station was determined by a method that yields values in square feet, the second column in WS 5.
The following steps describe the process of computing volumes using WS 5. Step 1 Record the station numbers in the first column and the distance between cross sections in the fifth column. Record these numbers in feet to the nearest tenth of a foot. Step 2 If the cross-sectional areas are given in square inches, record the values in the second column, multiply the value by the conversion factor mentioned above, and record the converted square foot value in the third column.
If the cross-sectional areas are given in square feet, leave the second column blank and record the square foot values in the third column. Step 3 Add the square foot cross-sectional areas of consecutive stations and record the sum in the fourth column. Step 5 Multiply the values in columns 4 and 5; record this value in the sixth column. This value represents the section product which is double the volume in square feet.
Complete this computation for all consecu- tive pairs of stations. Step 6 Add all section products in column 6, and divide the total by 54 to convert to volume in cubic yards. Record this number in the seventh column. If desired, the sum of all the values recorded in the sixth column divided by two gives the volume of the earthwork in cubic feet. Shanklin Date Checked by D. McCook Date Project Job No. It is generally filed with the payment quantity computations that are with for contract records.
The worksheet is typically used for jobs where there are several variable quantity contract items that require final quantity com- putations. It is simply a tool for organizing and keeping up with quantity computation progress. Site No. Item Computed Checked Work or material No. The worksheet is divided into five major columns, each divided by a double vertical line. Any reference line and offset distance could be used. Northing and easting coordinates are commonly used for establishing horizontal con- trol and could be used instead of a reference line and offset distance.
The objective is to provide a reference that can easily be documented and reestablished if necessary. The third column under the Identification heading is for recording a sample number, and the fourth column is for recording the depth below the surface at which the soil is sampled.
Coarse Fraction—For soils containing sands and gravels, there are five columns under this major heading. The first is the maximum particle size, which can be determined by sieves or estimated with a pocket millime- ter scale or ruler. Particle shape and condition are recorded by symbols listed on the second page of WS 7.
Sieving the soils to determine these percentages will only require having two sieve sizes: 4 and Particles retained on the 4 sieve are gravel, particles retained on the are sand, and particles passing the sieve are fines. If it is apparent there are no sand and gravel particles, record N.
Record the symbol for plastic- ity, dry strength, and dilatence, which are found on the second page of WS 7. A short description of each of these is also given on the second page of WS 7. Total Soil—The three columns under this major heading are organic odor, reaction to HCL, and color wet. Organic odor symbols are listed on the second page of WS 7. A reaction with HCL infers the potential for soil ce- mentation, which may be useful to know in some instances.
A dark brown to black color indicates the poten- tial for organic materials in the soil. Classification—This final major heading contains two columns.
The first is a description to include such items as classification, grading, structure, consistency, moisture condition, inclusions, etc.
Since the sample contained percent fines, it is classified as a fine-grained soil. Grading only applies to sands and gravels that are either poorly graded or well graded; thus,. On the second sheet of WS 7. The table shows that the soil would need to have a strong odor to be considered OL, OH. Only a CL can have a high dry strength, and the dry strength of this soil was recorded as high; thus, the soil is classified as a CL.
Group symbol Particle shape Dist. Dry Strength. Color wet 4 to Reaction to Dam CL Sta. Description classification,. HCl No. Organic size. Worksheets ——H, Amend. None N. National Engineering Handbook Part and long B—7. SM Weak 12 Sand for. Project Tested by Date Sheet of. Group symbol Particle shape.
Dry Strength 3-inch to 4 Field sample. Reaction to Description classification,. Organic size consistency, moisture. The general steps for the procedure are listed and illustrated in This test method is useful for obtaining the density of any soil or material.
It is very useful when testing for col- lapsible soils. Collapsible soils generally contain air holes that are visible to the naked eye. There are a couple of photos of collapsible soils in A sample of soil that has minimum dimensions of approximately 4 inches in length, width, and depth is desired. It must be undisturbed and protected from moisture loss prior to obtaining a clod for the test. It must be trans- ported in a manner that will protect it from impact or significant vibration or jarring to avoid collapse before the test is conducted.
The clod used for the test is then obtained from this sample. The clod should be weighed and the clod coated in wax before any moisture is lost. Note in the sample calculations that the values are given to four significant digits. ASTM D requires this level of accuracy which is needed because of the small clod size. Once the moist density is determined in grams per cubic centimeter, it is converted to pounds per cubic foot by multiplying by In the sample calculations, the moisture content determined by ASTM D oven was reported to the nearest th because the value is Anything from Also note in the sample calculations, the technician obtained the moisture content by two methods.
The oven method requires the soil to remain in the oven overnight. The other method used here was the microwave method D ; results can be obtained in a few minutes using a microwave oven. It resulted in slightly lower moisture content than that obtained using the oven.
However, the difference in the values of dry density Method used D D Container or can no. Method used Container or can no. A description of methods for developing a blasting plan is beyond the scope of this handbook; however, the inspector must have enough knowledge of blasting terminology to oversee the operation, understand how the plan may be revised to achieve more desirable results, and document the operation on WS 7. To that end, the inspector should study the information on blasting provided in chapter 7 and below, and consult with the responsible engineer.
The first three lines of the worksheet are self-explanatory. The fourth line is for describing the blast location. In the sample on page B—7. Much of the remaining information can be obtained from the blasting plan. Keep in mind that the blasting plan is generally adjusted from one blast to the next as necessary to attain the desired results.
Therefore, the data reported here will differ somewhat from that planned. The reverse side of sample worksheet includes several sketches of general blasting patterns identified as Plans A through G. The sample information filled in on the front side of the worksheet refers to blasting pattern iden- tified as Plan A.
ANFO is a blasting agent most commonly used in excavation. It can only be used in dry conditions unless it is encapsulated in cartridge form to keep it dry. Black powder and dynamite are no longer commonly used for mining or construction. The amount of blasting agent used depends on several factors. One of these is the density of the blasting agent.
Blasting agent density ranges from 0. It can be compacted to a density of 0. There are other ANFO products, each having a different density. Powder factor—The powder factor is the ratio of the amount of blasting agent to the amount of rock to be broken. Overblasting will occur if the powder factor is too high. If the powder factor is too low, the rock will not be broken up enough and will be difficult to remove.
The powder factor may be adjusted from one blast to the next to achieve the desired results. The generalized blasting patterns shown on the back of the sample WS 7. Stemming—Stemming is used to fill the collar. The collar is the portion of the blast hole that is not charged i. Crusher fines, sand, and other inert granular materials are used for stemming materials.
Method of initiation—Blasting agents are ignited by an electric or nonelectric initiation device. Electric blasting caps are initiated by an electric charge. Nonelectric devices are initiated by a detonating cord that is generally a small plastic tube containing a flammable material. Delay types—Both electric and nonelectric initiation can be delayed. In this figure, the point of initiation is at hole number A ms cap is used in each of the blast holes.
The line from hole number 46 to holes 37 and 57 contain a ms in-line delay. The sample worksheet entry shows ms caps. Generally an 8-ms delay is considered the shortest acceptable delay period. If the charges are closer together, the delay will not be effective. Delays that are too long can result in poor rock breakage or otherwise less desirable results. Type of circuit—For electric initiation, there are three types of circuits: series, parallel, and series-in-parallel.
Figure 7B—2 illustrates the series-in-parallel circuit commonly used in blasting for excavation. Individually, each row is a series circuit where the electric current enters one end of the row and flows out the opposite end. Current is supplied to each row independent of the other rows. Figure 7B—3 illustrates a series circuit. Fig- ure 7B—4 illustrates a parallel circuit. Leading wires to power source. Table showing details of blast holes—The table is set up so that information can be input for up to four rows of 17 holes.
There is a continuation sheet WS 7. The sample shows three rows and the holes are identified by a number that corresponds to the firing sequence. This corresponds to Plan A on the reverse side of the sample form. There is no set numbering convention for identifying blast holes, use your judgment as to what makes sense. The collar elevation is the elevation at the top of the collar i.
The bottom elevation is simply the bottom of the blast hole or bottom of the charge. These are identified in figure 7B. Note in figures 7B. This may be necessary because there will be unbroken rock also known as tights or high points between holes that extend above the bottom elevation. The upper limit of this unbroken rock increases as the distance between holes increases.
A higher powder factor may reduce the amount of unbroken rock between holes but will generally fracture the rock that is to remain in place.
Thus, spacing holes closer together is gener- ally required when it is necessary to control the grade with minimal damage to rock that is to remain in place. The charge may vary with hole depth.
In the example used for the sample worksheet, all of the holes bottomed at the same elevation, but the ground was rising from Row 1 to Row 3. The charge required per hole is based. This is figured by multiplying the free face height by the distance from the free face to the hole and by the hole spacing. As the blast progresses, the free face progresses back into the rock mass.
In the case of Plan A, the beginning free face is represented by the heavy line in front of the blast. The first hole that fires in the middle of Row 1 breaks up the rock around it, and the free face unconfined face relocates in between the 1 hole and the 2 set of holes.
When the holes desig- nated 2 fire the free face relocates to in between the 2 and 3 holes, etc. For Plan A, as the ground rises the free face height increases requiring more blasting agent in the corresponding holes.
The delay period is a cumulative number. In the sample worksheet example, the hole denoted by a 1 is the POI, or point of initiation, so it has a zero delay period. The 2 holes fire next after a ms delay. Unbroken rock Final excavation limit line Subgade drilling. Maximum No. This should be stated or otherwise denoted in the blasting plan. Maximum weight of blasting agent per delay is the maximum weight of blasting agent ignited at any one time. This should also be stated or otherwise denoted in the blasting plan.
This is a significant value because an increase in this value will result in an increase in ground vibrations and air blast that may damage nearby build- ings, structures, or utilities. See section Distance, direction, and identification of nearest building, structure, or utility should be addressed when de- signing the blast. This value along with the rock characteristics can be used to determine the maximum weight of blasting agent per delay to avoid damage to the building, structure, or utility.
Type of material blasted should be noted in the blasting plan. The type of material being blasted must be known when designing the blast. And records of previous blasts of similar materials are valuable when designing future blasts. Good finished grade of a homogeneous rock is easier to accomplish than that of a material that is. It may be helpful to describe the material being blasted in more detail and sketch a cross section of the material if it is not homogeneous. Such details may be sketched on the back side of the worksheet or on an attached separate sheet.
Note on the front of the worksheet if addi- tional sheets are attached. Mats or other precautions used—Mats are sometimes used to cover the blast area to prevent fly rock and re- duce air blast. Mats are generally required when blasting near buildings, structures or utilities that could be dam- aged from fly rock or air blast.
They are less likely to be required or needed on work in rural areas. Seismograph Records where required—The information required here is self explanatory. Sketch on revise side of WS 7. Include a scale for measuring distances. Indicate the burden distance B and hole spacing S. Include the numerical delay sequence showing when each blast hole will ignite relative to the other holes.
The examples shown on the sample worksheet were taken from a document about quarry blasting. These are shown to illus- trate several different blast patterns identified as Plan A through Plan G depending on the geometry of the area to be blasted. These are all plan views. Section views may also be helpful to fully describe the blast. Note that plan A corresponds with the sample report for Cow Bayou Site 4.
Donegan, Inc. Address Frisco St. Collar elev. Bottom elev. Charge lb Delay period ms. Maximum no. Distance of seismograph from blast Seismic data Name of the person taking seismograph reading. Include the numerical delay sequence.
Show location of free faces and trend of backslope as applicable. Charge lb Delay period ms Hole I. Row Hole I. The NRCS—ENG— form is used to notify the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization of their respon- sibilities when buried utilities are known to be in the vicinity of proposed work. Policy requires that they be notified of their responsibility to take the following actions: Step 1 Notify the Utility Notification Center i.
Step 2 Request that the utility owner locate and stake the buried utility on the ground, both horizontally and vertically. Step 3 Request that a representative of the utility company be present during any excavation operations. Step 4 Notify the contractor of the location of the utility in relation to the job work area. Step 5 Supply to the NRCS in writing either the ticket number from the Utility Notification Center or a certification that the affected utility company has been notified. States may set up their own procedures, with the aforementioned being the minimum requirement.
The NEM states that the responsible NRCS employee must ensure that these steps are carried out by the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization before beginning work in the vicinity of the buried utility and document any action taken pertaining to work in the vicinity of buried utilities. Documentation may be in the job diary, conservation assistance notes, or a separate checklist.
NRCS—ENG— is a notification to the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization of their responsibilities and provides a means for them to certify that they have completed the items for which they are responsible.
NRCS—ENG— is mailed to the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization, returned to the NRCS, and filed with other documentation pertaining to work in the vicinity of the buried utility.
Steps performed by the NRCS: Step 1 Enter the name of the utility company and type of utility in the blanks provided in the paragraph above the list of responsibilities. Step 2 Have the District Conservationist or other responsible NRCS employee sign on the line provided below the list of responsibilities. Step 3 Fold the form so that the list of responsibilities can be seen and staple or tape the form to ensure that it remains folded in the mail.
Step 4 Address and mail the form to the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization. Step 2 Sign and date at the bottom of the form. Step 3 Fold the form so that the portion completed by the landowner-operator or sponsoring organiza- tion can be seen and staple or tape the form to ensure that it remains folded in the mail.
Step 2 File the form with other documentation pertaining to work in the vicinity of the buried utility. Box A Centerville, TX Ray Handcock Rt. XTO Energy P. Box Hearn, TX Step 5 Supply to NRCS in writing either the ticket number from the Utility Notification Center or a certi- fication that the affected utility company has been notified. Recording the farm name, location, utilities involved and location of utilities involved, and the name of the notified landowner-operator or sponsoring organization representative.
Also record how and when the landowner-operator or sponsoring organization was notified. Step 2 Record items listed on the utility check sheet as they are completed. Step 3 When all items on the check sheet have been completed, sign and file the form with other docu- mentation pertaining to work in the vicinity of the buried utility.
John Evans Signature. Landowner or operator notified Who By whom How Date. Test fills are sometimes required by the design engineer to develop workable design values for borrow contain- ing appreciable amounts of oversized material or to verify that the method of compacting the fill can attain the desired density. The contract will specify the procedures required to construct the test fill. It is important to keep complete and accurate records during performance of the test fill.
This worksheet may need to be adapted to fit the test fill conditions and specific contract requirements. More than one copy of the worksheet may be needed to document the complete test fill process. The inspector should record the compaction equipment, settings and number of passes required to achieve the desired density.
In or- der for this test fill to be representative of the actual compaction process during placement of earthfill, the same compaction equipment must be used. Dump trucks Earthfill SM 45 6. Contractor Inspector Date Time. Type of compaction 1 1 Operational seed 2 equipment Amplitude setting Frequency setting mph Number of passes. This worksheet is useful in providing intermittent reports to others on the results of compaction and moisture tests on a construction project.
The following information is recorded on this form:. Test no. Location—The location on the project where the test was taken dam, auxiliary spillway dike, cutoff trench, bottom of pit, side of pit. Distance right or left of centerline—The distance the test was offset from the centerline or the Y-coordinate. Lab or field curve no. This will be the corrected mois- ture content if the moisture test requires a correction factor such as the quick dry method or nuclear moisture offset. Instructions to contractor—Record anything that was communicated to the contractor as a result of this test.
Comment or Tested Location range density dry no. Worksheets X Y Z curve no. National Engineering Handbook Part B—8. Project name Site no. Location Contractor Contract no. Report period from , 20 Submitted by Date to , Comment or Tested Date Location field moisture range density dry no. The purpose of Worksheet 8. The volume is also needed if the mold is being used in determination of the bulk density of sand used in the sand-cone method for in-place soil density as prescribed in Annex A.
This document is not a substitute for the actual instructions for determining the volume of the compaction molds found in Annex A. The standards specify the nominal dimensions of all compaction molds along with allowable tolerances. Since molds come from different manufacturers of varying quality and repeated use can cause them to become mis- shapen over time, it is recommended that the volume of the molds be determined before initial use and periodi- cally during use.
There are two procedures described in the ASTM standards, the water-filling method and the linear measure- ment method. There is also a provision for comparing the results of these two methods. The following informa- tion is recorded and calculated on this worksheet. Water-filling method Step 1 Record the mass of the mold and glass plates empty. This will include the complete apparatus used to determine the volume in a dry condition.
Step 2 Record the mass of the mold and glass plates full. After filling the mold with water and covering the top with a glass plate, dry the outside of the apparatus and weigh.
Step 3 Compute the mass of the water. Step 5 Determine the volume of water per gram from the included table or another source. Step 6 Compute the volume of the mold as the mass of the water in grams multiplied by the volume of the water per gram. Verify that this vol- ume is within the specified tolerance of the standard. Linear measurement method Step 1 Using a vernier caliper or micrometer preferred , measure and record to the nearest 0. Step 2 Repeat for the bottom of mold. Step 3 Using these twelve measurements, compute the average inside diameter of the mold davg.
Verify from the standard that this ID is within the specified tolerance. Step 4 Using a vernier caliper or depth micrometer preferred , measure and record the height of the inside of the mold at least 3 times equally spaced around the mold.
Verify that this volume is within the specified tolerance of the standard. The difference in volume between the two methods should not exceed 0. If any of the results are not within the specified tolerance, refer to Annex A. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3. Mass of mold and glass plates empty g 5, 5, 5, 2. Mass of mold and glass plates full g 6, 6, 6, 3. Volume of mold V w average of 3 trials ml Top diameter of mold Bottom diameter of mold Height of mold in in in.
Mass of mold and glass plates empty g 2. Mass of mold and glass plates full g 3. Volume of mold V w average of 3 trials ml. Worksheet 8. The instructions given are no substitute for the complete instructions found in the applicable standard. The process consists of compacting a soil into a mold of a known volume using a standard compactive effort, determining the moisture content and dry density of the soil at varying moisture contents, and plotting these points on a curve.
From the resulting curve, it is possible to determine the maximum dry density and optimum water content of the soil. ASTM D and D are only applicable for soils that have 30 percent or less by mass retained on the three- quarter inch sieve. Each standard has three methods A, B, or C ; the applicability of each method depends on the soil gradation. For soils that contain more than 30 percent by mass retained on the three-quarter inch sieve, it is common to specify method compaction rather than specify a mini- mum density that must be achieved.
When method compaction is specified it is not necessary to determine the maximum dry density, but ASTM D or ASTM D, as applicable, may be specified to determine the opti- mum moisture content. These tests are performed on the finer fraction of the material by running the sample through the appropriate sieve.
If the material contains more than five percent oversized material, an oversized correction must be made in accordance with ASTM D Record the predetermined volume of the mold at the bottom of the worksheet in cubic feet. Compaction data Step 1 Weigh and record the mass of the cylinder and moist soil.
Step 2 Record the predetermined mass of the empty cylinder. Step 3 Compute the mass of the moist soil. Moisture determination data Step 6 Enter the container number for the moisture sample. Step 7 Weigh and record the mass of the container and moist soil. Step 8 Weigh and record the mass of the container and dry soil.
Step 9 Compute the mass of the moisture. Step 11 Compute the mass of the dry soil. Repeat the process at varying moisture contents such that at least two points are above and two points below the optimum moisture content. Page 2 of 2 Step 1 Complete the heading information. Determine or estimate the specific gravity GS as accurately as possible as it will affect the percent saturation curve. Step 2 Determine a scale for the X-axis moisture content and Y-axis density so that the range of mois- ture and densities will fit within the graph and use most of the allowable space.
Step 3 Plot all of the wet density points and connect the points with a smooth curve. Step 4 Plot all of the dry density points and connect with a smooth curve. Step 6 Compute and plot a percent saturation zero air voids curve using the zero air voids curve formula. The percent saturation curve is helpful in determining if the dry density curve is completed correctly.
The dry density curve should never intersect the percent saturation curve. The optimum moisture is usually about 80 percent of the saturated moisture at the maximum dry density. The wet portion of the Proctor curve should run approximately parallel to the percent saturation curve and be at a moisture content of approxi- mately 90 percent of the percent saturation curve.
If any of these self-checks are off, it would be reason to suspect that the value of GS is incorrect or the curve may be plotted incorrectly. Compaction data 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Weight of cylinder plus moist soil lb 8. Weight of cylinder lb 5. Container no. Weight of container plus moist soil g Weight of container plus dry soil g Weight of container g Procedure data: weight of hammer 5.
Project Site Sample no. Compaction data. Weight of cylinder plus moist soil lb 2. Weight of cylinder lb 3. Weight of container plus moist soil g 8. Weight of container plus dry soil g 9. Procedure data: weight of hammer lb, drop in, number of lifts. Completed by Date Computed by Date. Location Field sample no. This may be helpful in tracking moisture tests that were not part of an associated compaction test or for comparing the results in order to determine a moisture correction.
Most reference moisture tests i. All other tests approximate the soil moisture content. Field testing using other methods may result in consis- tent values above or below the oven dry moisture. This form will allow the user to capture data, make that comparison, and compute a correction. View 13 excerpts, cites background and methods.
Conservation planners must assess a range of environmental, agronomic and economic impacts of implementing conservation practices on farms. While environmental impacts such as soil erosion control, … Expand. View 8 excerpts, cites methods. January 30, A large open-dynamic-chamber has been developed and is now used to asses the emissions from all sectors of animal husbandry. It covers an area of 27 m and can be built up over different emitting … Expand.
Highly Influential. View 6 excerpts, references methods and background. View 10 excerpts, references methods and background. Part , U. Livestock Emissions. Livestock methane emission: From the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas whose atmospheric abundance has grown 2. The farming of ruminant livestock, which generate … Expand. View 3 excerpts, references methods. Nutritive Requirements of Ruminant Animals: Energy.
Ammonia volatilization is a major N loss process for surface-applied manures and urea fertilizers. The lost ammonia is important for both agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems because it: i … Expand. Related Papers. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy , Terms of Service , and Dataset License. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Form Number is a page orange book used to log pertinent history of a project.
Restricted maximum Order is One Package which contains labels. The label features U. Minimum order is One Package containing sheets. ENG is a 4 x 6 inch form and six hole punched. ENG is 4. ENG is tracing weight and is a 22 x 34 inch orange graph drawing form.
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