All users must keep their workplace clear of any sensitive or confidential information when they leave. All company staff and contractors shall be granted access to the data and applications required for their job roles. All company staff and contractors shall access sensitive data and systems only if there is a business need to do so and they have approval from higher management.
Sensitive systems shall be physically or logically isolated in order to restrict access to authorized personnel only. The responsibility to implement access restrictions lies with the IT Security department. The technical guidelines specify all requirements for technical controls used to grant access to data. Here is an example:. Access control applies to all networks, servers, workstations, laptops, mobile devices, web applications and websites, cloud storages, and services.
Daily incident reports shall be produced and handled within the IT Security department or the incident response team. Weekly reports detailing all incidents shall be produced by the IT Security department and sent to the IT manager or director. High-priority incidents discovered by the IT Security department shall be immediately escalated; the IT manager should be contacted as soon as possible.
The IT Security department shall also product a monthly report showing the number of IT security incidents and the percentage that were resolved.
Any user found in violation of this policy is subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. Any third-party partner or contractor found in violation may have their network connection terminated. This section lists all documents related to the policy and provides links to them. This list might include:. Using this template, you can create a data security access policy for your organization.
Remember that security policies must be both strong and feasible, and they should also be accessible, concise and easy to understand. Strive to achieve a good balance between data protection and user productivity and convenience. Please note that it is recommended to turn JavaScript on for proper working of the Netwrix website.
We care about security of your data. Privacy Policy. Data Security Policy: Access Control Organizations create an access control data protection policy to make sure users can access only the assets they need to do their jobs — in other words, to enforce a least-privilege model. Data Security Policy Template Here are the key sections to include in your data security policy and examples of their content. Purpose In this section, you explain the reasons for having this policy. Here is an example: The company must restrict access to confidential and sensitive data to protect it from being lost or compromised in order to avoid adversely impacting our customers, incurring penalties for non-compliance and suffering damage to our reputation.
Scope 2. For instance: Information that is classified as Public is not subject to this policy. Policy This is the body of the policy where you state all policy requirements. Network routing controls shall be implemented to support the access control policy.
All users must keep their passwords confidential and not share them. Technical Guidelines The technical guidelines specify all requirements for technical controls used to grant access to data. Here is an example: Access control methods to be used shall include: Auditing of attempts to log on to any device on the company network Windows NTFS permissions to files and folders Role-based access model Server access rights Firewall permissions Network zone and VLAN ACLs Web authentication rights Database access rights and ACLs Encryption at rest and in flight Network segregation Access control applies to all networks, servers, workstations, laptops, mobile devices, web applications and websites, cloud storages, and services.
Reporting Requirements This section describes the requirements for reporting incidents that happen. Ownership and Responsibilities Here you should state who owns what and who is responsible for which actions and controls.
Data owners are employees who have primary responsibility for maintaining information that they own, such as an executive, department manager or team leader. Information Security Administrator is an employee designated by the IT management who provides administrative support for the implementation, oversight and coordination of security procedures and systems with respect to specific information resources. Users include everyone who has access to information resources, such as employees, trustees, contractors, consultants, temporary employees and volunteers.
Enforcement This paragraph should state the penalties for access control violations. Definitions This paragraph defines any technical terms used in this policy. Database — An organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. Encryption —The process of encoding a message or other information so that only authorized parties can access it. Firewall — A technology used for isolating one network from another.
Firewalls can be standalone systems or can be included in other devices, such as routers or servers. Oracle provides a means of explicitly expiring a password. The following statement creates a user with an expired password. This setting forces the user to change the password before the user can log in to the database.
Parameter Name. Description and Use. If you specify neither, the user can reuse passwords at any time, which is not a "security best practice. The user must have changed the password the specified number of times, and the specified number of days must have passed since the old password was last used.
Then user A could not reuse a password until she had reset her password ten times, and 30 days had passed since she last used that password. SQL , which sets the default profile parameters. The password complexity verification routine ensures that the password meets the following requirements:. After a new routine is created, it must be assigned as the password verification routine using the user's profile or the system default profile.
You can use this sample password verification routine as a model when developing your own complexity checks for a new password. The default password complexity function performs the following minimum complexity checks:. Security administrators should define a policy for the auditing procedures of each database.
You may, for example, decide to have database auditing disabled unless questionable activities are suspected. When auditing is required, the security administrator must decide what level of detail to audit the database; usually, general system auditing is followed by more specific types of auditing after the origins of suspicious activity are determined. In addition to standard database auditing, Oracle supports fine-grained auditing using policies that can monitor multiple specific objects, columns, and statements, including INDEX.
Information security and privacy and protection of corporate assets and data are of pivotal importance in any business. Oracle Database comprehensively addresses the need for information security by offering cutting-edge security features such as deep data protection, auditing, scalable security, secure hosting and data exchange.
The Oracle Database server leads the industry in security. However, in order to fully maximize the security features offered by Oracle Database in any business environment, it is imperative that the database itself be well-protected.
Furthermore, proper use of its security features and adherence to basic security practices will help protect against database-related threats and attacks. Such an approach provides a much more secure operating environment for the Oracle Database database. This security checklist provides guidance on configuring Oracle Database in a secure manner by adhering to and recommending industry-standard "best security practices" for operational database deployments.
In simple summary, before looking at the more detailed checklist: consider all paths the data travels and assess the threats that impinge on each path and node. Then take steps to lessen or eliminate both those threats and the consequences of a successful breach of security.
Monitoring and auditing to detect either increased threat levels or successful penetration increases the likelihood of preventing or minimizing security losses. Details on specific database-related tasks and actions can be found throughout the Oracle documentation set. The Oracle Database CD pack contains a host of options and products in addition to the database server.
Install additional products and options only as necessary. Use Custom Installation to avoid installing unnecessary products or, following a typical installation, deinstall unneeded options and products. There is no need to maintain the additional products and options if they are not being used. They can always be properly and easily reinstalled as required. Oracle Corporation provides Sample Schemas to provide a common platform for examples.
If your database will be used in a production environment, do not install the Sample Schema. If you have installed the Sample Schema on a test database, then before going production, remove or re-lock the Sample Schema accounts.
Oracle Database installs with a number of default preset database server user accounts. Upon successful installation of the database server, the Database Configuration Assistant automatically locks and expires most default database user accounts. If a manual not utilizing Database Configuration Assistant installation of Oracle Database is performed, no default database users are locked upon successful installation of the database server. If left open in their default states, these user accounts can be exploited to gain unauthorized access to data or disrupt database operations.
Therefore, after performing any kind of initial installation that does not utilize Database Configuration Assistant, you should lock and expire all default database user accounts. Oracle Database provides SQL to perform such operations. Installing additional products and components later also results in creating more default database server accounts.
Database Configuration Assistant automatically locks and expires all additionally created database server user accounts. Unlock only those accounts that are need to be accessed on a regular basis and assign a strong, meaningful password to each of these unlocked accounts. Oracle provides SQL and password management to perform such operations. Table shows the database users after a typical Oracle Database installation utilizing Database Configuration Assistant.
If any default database server user account other the ones left open is required for any reason, a database administrator DBA need simply unlock and activate that account with a new, meaningful password. The preceding list of accounts depends on whether you choose to install Enterprise Manager. The most trivial method by which Oracle Database can be compromised is a default database server user account which still has a default password associated with it even after installation.
Use different passwords for each: in any Oracle environment production or test , assign strong, meaningful, and distinct passwords to these administrative accounts. If any of the default user accounts that were locked and expired upon installation need to be activated, assign a new meaningful password to each such user account.
Even though Oracle does not explicitly mandate changing the default password for user SCOTT , Oracle nevertheless recommends that this user account also be locked in a production environment.
Oracle recommends that basic password management rules such as password length, history, complexity, and so forth as provided by the database be applied to all user passwords and that all users be required to change their passwords periodically.
Oracle also recommends, if possible, utilizing Oracle Advanced Security an option to the Enterprise Edition of Oracle Database with network authentication services such as Kerberos , token cards, smart cards or X. These services enable strong authentication of users to provide better protection against unauthorized access to Oracle Database. Oracle recommends that customers implement data dictionary protection to prevent users having the ANY system privileges from using such privileges on the data dictionary.
Do not provide database users more privileges than are necessary. In other words, principle of least privilege is that a user be given only those privileges that are actually required to efficiently and succinctly perform his or her job. The more powerful packages that may potentially be misused are listed in the following table:. This package permits arbitrary mail messages to be sent from one arbitrary user to another arbitrary user.
This package permits outgoing network connections to be established by the database server to any receiving or waiting network service. Thus, arbitrary data may be sent between the database server and any waiting network service. This package allows the database server to request and retrieve data using HTTP. If configured improperly, this package allows text level access to any file on the host operating system. Even when properly configured, this package may allow unauthorized access to sensitive operating system files, such as trace files, because it does not distinguish between its calling applications.
This package can be used to encrypt stored data. Generally, most users should not have the privilege to encrypt data since encrypted data may be non-recoverable if the keys are not securely generated, stored, and managed. These packages are extremely useful to some applications that need them. They require proper configuration and usage for safe and secure operation, and may not be suitable for most applications.
Roles groups of privileges are useful for quickly and easily granting permissions to users. If your application users do not need all the privileges encompassed by an existing role, then create your own roles containing only the appropriate privileges for your requirements. Similary, ensure that roles contain only the privileges that reflect job responsibility.
Unless users require all the extra privileges contained in the CONNECT role or any other role , assign them individually only the minimum set of individual privileges truly needed. Alternatively, create your own roles and assign only needed privileges. Then drop the entire role for the user, since privileges acquired by means of a role cannot be dropped individually. Recreate your own role with only the privileges needed, and grant that new role to that user. Grant specific permissions to the explicit document root file paths for such facilities that may execute files and packages outside the database server.
By default, Oracle allows operating-system-authenticated logins only over secure connections, which precludes using Oracle Net and a shared server configuration.
This default restriction prevents a remote user from impersonating another operating system user over a network connection. Since clients, in general, such as PCs, are not trusted to perform operating system authentication properly, it is very poor security practice to turn on this feature.
It simply means that the database will not trust that the client has already authenticated, and will therefore apply its standard authentication processes. Limit the privileges of the operating system accounts administrative, root-privileged or DBA on the Oracle Database host physical machine to the least privileges needed for the user's tasks. This recommendation applies to all types of files: data files, log files, trace files, external tables, bfiles, and so on.
Keep the database server behind a firewall. Supported packet-filtered firewalls include Cisco's PIX Firewall and supported stateful inspection firewalls more sophisticated packet-filtered firewalls include CheckPoint's Firewall If Oracle Database is behind a firewall, do not, under any circumstances, poke a hole through the firewall; for example, do not leave open Oracle Listener's port to make a connection to the Internet or vice versa.
Doing so will introduce a number of significant security vulnerabilities including more port openings through the firewall, multi-threaded operating system server issues and revelation of crucial information on database s behind the firewall.
Furthermore, an Oracle Listener running without an established password may be probed for critical details about the database s on which it is listening such as trace and logging information, banner information and database descriptors and service names. Such a plethora of information and the availability of an ill-configured firewall will provide an attacker ample opportunity to launch malicious attacks on the target database s. Because the listener acts as the database's gateway to the network, it is important to limit the consequences of malicious interference:.
This restriction prevents external procedure agents spawned by the listener or procedures executed by such an agent from inheriting the ability to do such reads or writes. The owner of this separate listener process should not be the owner that installed Oracle or executes the Oracle instance such as ORACLE, the default owner. ORA file and the listener's password:. ORA file. For example, to access listener USER remotely. Always establish a meaningful, well-formed password for the Oracle Listener to prevent remote configuration of the Oracle Listener.
Password protect the listener:. Authenticating client computers over the Internet is problematic. Do user authentication instead, which avoids client system issues that include falsified IP addresses, hacked operating systems or applications, and falsified or stolen client system identities.
The following steps improve client computer security:. The organization is identified by unit and certificate issuer and the user is identified by distinguished name and certificate issuer.
Utilize the Oracle Net "valid node checking" security feature to allow or deny access to Oracle server processes from network clients with specified IP addresses. To use this feature, set the following protocol. The first parameter turns on the feature whereas the latter two parameters respectively deny or allow specific client IP addresses from making connections to the Oracle Listener and thereby preventing potential Denial of Service attacks.
If possible, utilize Oracle Advanced Security to encrypt network traffic between clients, databases, and application servers. It installs in Typical Installation mode and can be configured, after licensing, with the Oracle Net Manager tool or by manually setting six sqlnet.
Harden the host operating system by disabling all unnecessary operating system services. Both UNIX and Windows platforms provide a variety of operating system services, most of which are not necessary for most deployments.
Disabling one type of port and not the other does not make the operating system more secure. Always apply all relevant and current security patches for both the operating system on which Oracle Database resides and Oracle Database itself, and for all installed Oracle Database options and components thereof. Periodically check the security site on Oracle Technology Network for details on security alerts released by Oracle Corporation. Also check Oracle Worldwide Support Service's site, Metalink, for details on available and upcoming security-related patches.
In summary, consider all paths the data travels and assess the threats that impinge on each path and node. Also monitor and audit to detect either increased threat levels or successful penetration. If you believe that you have found a security vulnerability in Oracle Database, submit an iTAR to Oracle Worldwide Support Services using Metalink, or e-mail a complete description of the problem, including product version and platform, together with any exploit scripts and examples to the following address:.
This chapter discusses security policies in the following sections: System Security Policy Data Security Policy User Security Policy Password Management Policy Auditing Policy A Security Checklist System Security Policy This section describes aspects of system security policy, and contains the following topics: Database User Management User Authentication Operating System Security Each database has one or more administrators who are responsible for maintaining all aspects of the security policy: the security administrators.
Database User Management Database users are the access paths to the information in an Oracle database. See Also: Your operating-system-specific Oracle documentation contains more information about operating system security issues.
Such connections are authorized only after verification with the password file or with the operating system privileges and permissions. Book List.
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